福建土楼
Fujian Tulou
Cultural
关于
福建土楼建于15至20世纪期间，位于台湾海峡内陆地区福建省西南部，分布在120多公里范围内，共包含46栋建筑物。这些建造在稻田、茶叶和烟草田间的土楼为土质建筑。土楼通常为多层，建筑内沿为圆形或方形，每座土楼可供800人居住。土楼最初是为防御目的而建造，围绕中央的开放式庭院，只有一个入口，一楼以上方有对外侧的窗户。作为以土作墙而建造起来的集体建筑， 土楼实际上成为了村寨，常常被称为“家族的小王国”或“繁华的小城市”。土楼的外墙高大坚实、屋顶覆以瓦片，形成宽阔的屋檐。最精致的建筑可以追溯到17和18世纪。建筑内部纵向区分不同家庭，每户每层拥有两到三个房间。与其朴实的外墙相反，土楼内部是为舒适性而建造的，并具有极高的装饰性。土楼以其建筑传统和功能作为典型范例被列入，它体现了一种特定类型的公共生活和防御组织，并且体现了人类居住与自然环境和谐相处。
突出普遍价值 英文
The Fujian Tulou are the most representative and best preserved examples of the tulou of the mountainous regions of south-eastern China. The large, technically sophisticated and dramatic earthen defensive buildings, built between the 13th and 20th centuries, in their highly sensitive setting in fertile mountain valleys, are an extraordinary reflection of a communal response to settlement which has persisted over time. The tulou, and their extensive associated documentary archives, reflect the emergence, innovation, and development of an outstanding art of earthen building over seven centuries. The elaborate compartmentalised interiors, some with highly decorated surfaces, met both their communities’ physical and spiritual needs and reflect in an extraordinary way the development of a sophisticated society in a remote and potentially hostile environment. The relationship of the massive buildings to their landscape embodies both Feng Shui principles and ideas of landscape beauty and harmony. Criterion (iii): The tulou bear an exceptional testimony to a long-standing cultural tradition of defensive buildings for communal living that reflect sophisticated building traditions and ideas of harmony and collaboration, well documented over time. Criterion (iv): The tulou are exceptional in terms of size, building traditions and function, and reflect society’s response to various stages in economic and social history within the wider region. Criterion (v): The tulou as a whole and the nominated Fujian tulou in particular, in terms of their form are a unique reflection of communal living and defensive needs, and in terms of their harmonious relationship with their environment, an outstanding example of human settlement. The authenticity of the tulou is related to sustaining the tulou themselves and their building traditions as well as the structures and processes associated with their farmed and forested landscape setting. The integrity of the tulou is related to their intactness as buildings but also to the intactness of the surrounding farmed and forested landscape – into which they were so carefully sited in accordance with Feng Shui principles. The legal protection of the nominated areas and their buffer zones are adequate. The overall management system for the property is adequate, involving both government administrative bodies and local communities, although plans for the sustainability of the landscape that respect local farming and forestry traditions need to be better developed.
